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 0350x153.jpg "Dialogue of Ipuwer papyrus, 19Dyn hieratic (rtl)") |
 1600x700.jpg "Click to enlarge"){kind=small} Dialogue of Ipuwer papyrus, 19th Dynasty (began c BCE ), hieratic (rtl). (photo: Rijksmuseum van Oudheden ; Leiden, Netherlands) |
While academics have argued that the date of the Leiden I 344 recto copy of the Dialogue of Ipuwer Papyrus is no older than the 19th Dynasty (c BCE ), various scholars speculate dates of the earlier original document that are all over the chronological map in or before the 18th Dynasty (c BCE -), they are all forced to admit that the original date is simply not known. The only thing about the date that is even reasonable (based solely on paleography) is that this discovered copy of the papyrus was penned by the time of Râ-moses the Great – c BCE -. It's clear that most are determined to speculate an origin that long predates – and therefore, they argue, has no connection to, the éÀöÄéàÈä. Animating a dead horse, they insist on cockamamie attempts to rule out the obvious – irrationally demanding that it not be read literally. The Ipuwer Papyrus may associate wars with the KhëqᵊqâwꞋ KhâsꞋᵊt (Hyksos) / Sea Peoples (Greco-Minoans = Greco-Philistines) to the Santorini Eruption, c BCE , late in the Second Intermediate Period 17th Dynasty (which lasted until c BCE ).
Suggesting that the Ipuwer Papyrus doesn't refer to the after-effects of the Santorini-Thera Eruption also creates an impossible absence in the Egyptian historical record of the greatest volcanic eruption in recorded history that has been proven to have affected the Egyptian Delta and certainly wildly affected Egyptian skies and weather world-wide on a scale never seen by humans before or since on planet earth. There is no way this greatest catastrophe in all of recorded history, that blew the entire central majority of the island of Santorini into the upper atmosphere and all over the entire southeastern basin of the Mediterranean Sea, along with its unparalleled tsunami that inundated the Egyptian Delta (not to mention "parting" the "sea of reeds" marshes), was not noticed in Egyptian history. Accounts of this cataclysm are found in various parts of the ancient Mediterranean peoples, but have hitherto been regarded by modern pseudo-scientists as so extreme they dismissed them as "fairy tales" along with the Bible.
| Tor• | Ipuwer Papyrus | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| This suggests that the Egyptian authorities had become aware of rumors that the Hebrews were arming themselves, indicating a well-coordinated and growing uprising that preceded the | I.4 | … the inhabitants] of the Delta carry shields. | |
| I.6 | … the tribes of the desert have become Egyptians everywhere. | ||
| I.7 | … the land is full of confederates, and a man goes to plough with his shield. | ||
| I.10 | Indeed, [the face] is pale; the bowman is ready, wrongdoing is everywhere, and there is no man of yesterday. | ||
| 12.35-36 | 35 Bᵊn• | I.11 | … everywhere, and the servant takes what he finds. |
| This is a vivid description of the catastrophic scene after the tsunami, caused by the Santorini-Thera eruption ca. B.C.E. | I.12 | Indeed, the Nile overflows, yet none plough for it. Everyone says: "We do not know what will happen throughout the land." | |
| 12.35-36 | 35 Bᵊn• | II.1 | Indeed, poor men have become owners of wealth, and he who could not make sandals for himself is now a possessor of riches. |
| 7.17, 19-20 | 17 So | II.3 | Indeed, [hearts] are violent, pestilence is throughout the land, blood is everywhere, death is not lacking, and the mummy-cloth [beckons] even before one comes near it. |
| 7.18 | The aquatic-life that is in the Canal, it shall die and the Canal shall stink; Egypt will be out of patience to drink water from the Canal.'" | II.4 | Indeed, many dead are buried in the river; the stream is a sepulcher and the place of embalmment has become a stream. |
| 12.35-36 | 35 Bᵊn• | II.5 | Indeed, noblemen are in distress, while the poor man is full of joy. Every town says: "Let us suppress the powerful among us." |
| 7.17, 19-20 | 17 So | II.6 | Indeed, men are like ibises. Squalor is throughout the land, and there are none indeed whose clothes are white in these times. |
| 12.35-36 | 35 Bᵊn• | II.7 | Indeed, the land turns around as does a potter's wheel; the robber is a possessor of riches and [the rich man is become] a plunderer. |
| 7.17, 19-20, 21, 24 | 17 So | II.9 | Indeed, the river is blood, yet men drink of it. Men shrink from human beings and thirst after water. |
| This is a vivid description of the catastrophic scene after the tsunami, caused by the Santorini-Thera eruption ca. B.C.E. | II.11 | Indeed, the ship of [the southerners] has broken up; towns are destroyed and Upper Egypt has become an empty waste. | |
| This seems to be a vivid description of the catastrophic scene after the pyroclastic flow – a blast of a raging hot 660° F (350° C), fiery pumice and ash traveling at 300 miles per hour – from the eruption of Santorini "fell from the sky" after the Santorini-Thera eruption ca. B.C.E. . | II.12 | … it is the destruction of the land. … | |
| 12.30 | Par•ohꞋ arose at night, he and all of his servants, and all Egypt, and there was a a huge cry in Egypt; because there was not a house in which there was no corpse there. | II.13 | Indeed, men are few, and he who places his brother in the ground is everywhere. … |
| This seems to be a vivid description of the catastrophic scene after the pyroclastic flow – a blast of a raging hot 660° F (350° C), fiery pumice and ash traveling at 300 miles per hour – from the eruption of Santorini "fell from the sky" after the Santorini-Thera eruption ca. B.C.E. . | III.1 | Indeed, the desert is throughout the land, the [villages] are laid waste, and barbarians from abroad have come to Egypt. | |
| Israel – the •vᵊr•uꞋ had settled in the Delta since the time of Yo• | III.2 | Indeed, men arrive [. . .] and indeed, there are no Egyptians anywhere. | |
| 12.35-36 | 35 Bᵊn• | III.3 | Indeed, gold and lapis lazuli, silver and turquoise, carnelian and amethyst, Ibhet-stone and […] are strung on the necks of maidservants. … |
| 9.25, 31-32; 10.15 | 9.25 The hail struck in the entire land of Egypt, everything that was in the field from man to beast; all of the grass of the field the hail struck and every tree of the field it smashed. 26 Only in the land of Goshen, where Bᵊn• This is also a vivid description of the catastrophic scene after pumice and ash fell from the sky after the Santorini-Thera eruption ca. B.C.E. | III.6 | Indeed, Elephantine and Thinis [...] of Upper Egypt, (but) without paying taxes owing to civil strife. Lacking are grain, charcoal, … To what purpose is a treasury without its revenues? Happy indeed is the heart of the king when truth comes to him! And every foreign land [comes]! That is our fate and that is our happiness! What can we do about it? All is ruin! |
| 12.30 | Par•ohꞋ arose at night, he and all of his servants, and all Egypt, and there was a a huge cry in Egypt; because there was not a house in which there was no corpse there. This seems to be a vivid description of the catastrophic scene after the pyroclastic flow – a blast of a raging hot 660° F (350° C), fiery pumice and ash traveling at 300 miles per hour – from the eruption of Santorini "fell from the sky" after the Santorini-Thera eruption ca. B.C.E. . | III.7 | Indeed, laughter is perished and is [no longer] made; it is groaning that is throughout the land, mingled with complaints. |
| In the aftermath of such devastation, every man (including police and military) fending for himself, disorder would have spiraled out of control into chaos. Particularly in the Delta, Egyptians were far outnumbered and would quickly been regarded as "outsiders." | IV.1 | Indeed, every dead person is as a well-born man. Those who were Egyptians [have become] foreigners and are thrust aside. | |
| 9.23-24 | 9.23 The eruption of the Krakatoa Volcano (1883.08.27) – which was minuscule compared to Santorini – was heard around the world. Vulcanologists have stated that there were probably many eruptions and quakes before the great eruption, many of which could have been heard in the Egyptian Delta. | IV.3 | Indeed, […] because of noise; noise is not […] in years of noise, and there is no end [of] noise. |
| 12.29 | So it was in the middle of the night, then | IV.5 | Indeed, the children of princes are dashed against walls, and the children [clinging on] the neck are [corpses] laid out on the high ground |
| This seems to suggest that rumors of an impending exodus from the Delta, which is in Lower Egypt, had been circulating for some time. Israel – the Hebrews – were still regarded as non-Egyptian desert dwellers. | IV.8 | Indeed, the Delta in its entirety will not be hidden, and Lower Egypt puts trust in trodden roads. What can one do? No […] exist anywhere, and men say: "[Utter-ruin], to the secret place!" Behold, it is in the hands of those who do not know it like those who know it. The desert dwellers are skilled in the crafts of the Delta. | |
| 12.35-36 | 35 Bᵊn• | IV.10 | Indeed, all female slaves are free with their tongues, and when their mistress speaks, it is irksome to the maidservants. |
| The eruption of Mt. St. Helens, minuscule compared to Santorini, sent a pyroclastic flow – a blast of pumice and ash … at 300 miles per hour and was a raging hot 660° F (350° C). The blast killed everything in a 200-square mile area. Within ten minutes, the plume of ash had reached 10 miles high." (history1900s.about.com). The magnitude of the Santorini blast, along with findings of Santorini pumice (identified and dated), suggests that the Egyptian Delta, 548 miles (= 1 hr. 45 min.) away (along with other coasts of the Mediterranean Basin), were within the devastation radius of the pyroclastic flow (racing along atop the surface of the water) with its burning blast of pumice and ash. | IV.11 | Indeed, trees are felled and branches are stripped off | |
| 9.20-21 | 20 20 äÇéÌÈøÅà of the speaking of | V.1 | I have separated him and his household slaves… |
| V.3 | Indeed, the hot-tempered man says: "If I knew where | ||
| Israel insisted that serving | V.4 | Indeed, [Right] pervades the land in name, but what men do in trusting to it is Wrong. | |
| 9.3-4 | 3 Behold, the Hand of | V.6 | Indeed, all animals, their hearts weep; cattle moan because of the state of the land. |
| 12.29 | So it was in the middle of the night, then | V.7 | Indeed, the children of princes are dashed against walls, … |
| Egyptian archeologists routinely argue, using a partial truth and despite contradicting this record, that they never enslaved the •vᵊr•uꞋ. This corroborates the Biblical record that the Egyptians had imposed corvée on the •vᵊr•uꞋ of the Delta. | V.9 | Indeed, slaves … throughout the land, … | |
| This suggests that the Egyptian authorities had become aware of rumors that the Hebrews were arming themselves, indicating a well-coordinated and growing uprising that preceded the | V.10 | Indeed, the ways are […], the roads are watched; men sit in the bushes until the benighted traveler comes in order to plunder his burden, and what is upon him is taken away. He is belabored with blows of a stick and murdered. | |
| 9.23-24 | 9.23 Such devastation of flora and fauna resulted in famine and mass starvation. | VI.1 | Would that there were an end of men, without conception, without birth! Then would the land be quiet from noise and tumult be no more. |
| VI.2 | Indeed, [men eat] herbage and wash [it] down with water; neither fruit nor herbage can be found [for] the birds, and [. . .] is taken away from the mouth of the pig. No face is bright which you have [. . .] for me through hunger. | ||
| The eruption of Mt. St. Helens, minuscule compared to Santorini, sent a pyroclastic flow – a blast of pumice and ash … at 300 miles per hour and was a raging hot 660° F (350° C). The blast killed everything in a 200-square mile area. Within ten minutes, the plume of ash had reached 10 miles high." (history1900s.about.com). The magnitude of the Santorini blast, along with findings of Santorini pumice (identified and dated), suggests that the Egyptian Delta, 548 miles (= 1 hr. 45 min.) away (along with other coasts of the Mediterranean Basin), were within the devastation radius of the pyroclastic flow (racing along atop the surface of the water) with its burning blast of pumice and ash. | VI.3 | Indeed, everywhere barley has perished and men are stripped of clothes, spice, and oil; everyone says: "There is none." The storehouse is empty and its keeper is stretched on the ground; a happy state of affairs! … | |
| 7.10-12 | 10 So | VI.5 | Indeed, the private council-chamber, its writings are taken away and the mysteries which were [in it] are laid bare. |
| VI.6 | Indeed, magic spells are divulged; smw- and shnw-spells are frustrated because they are remembered by men. | ||
| In the aftermath of such devastation, famine and starvation, every man (including police and military) fending for himself, disorder would have spiraled out of control into chaos. | VI.7 | Indeed, public offices are opened and their inventories are taken away; the serf has become an owner of serfs. | |
| VI.8 | Indeed, [scribes] are killed and their writings are taken away. Woe is me because of the misery of this time! | ||
| VI.9 | Indeed, the writings of the scribes of the cadaster are destroyed, and the corn of Egypt is common property. | ||
| VI.10 | Indeed, the laws of the council chamber are thrown out; indeed, men walk on them in public places, and poor men break them up in the streets. | ||
| VI.11 | Indeed, the poor man has attained to the state of the Great Pesedjet, and the erstwhile procedure of the House of the Thirty is divulged. | ||
| 9.23-24; 13.21 | 9.23 The eruption of Mt. St. Helens, minuscule compared to Santorini, sent a pyroclastic flow – a blast of pumice and ash … at 300 miles per hour and was a raging hot 660° F (350° C). The blast killed everything in a 200-square mile area. Within ten minutes, the plume of ash had reached 10 miles high." (history1900s.about.com). The magnitude of the Santorini blast, along with findings of Santorini pumice (identified and dated), suggests that the Egyptian Delta, 548 miles (= 1 hr. 45 min.) away (along with other coasts of the Mediterranean Basin), were within the devastation radius of the pyroclastic flow (racing along atop the surface of the water) with its burning blast of pumice and ash. | VII.1 | Behold, the fire has gone up on high, and its burning goes forth against the enemies of the land. |
| 9.23-24 | 9.23 The eruption of the Krakatoa Volcano (1883.08.27) – which was minuscule compared to Santorini – was heard around the world. Vulcanologists have stated that there were probably many eruptions and quakes before the great eruption, many of which could have been heard in the Egyptian Delta. | VII.2 | Behold, things have been done which have not happened for a long time past; the king has been deposed by the rabble. |
| In the aftermath of such devastation, famine and starvation, every man (including police and military) fending for himself, disorder would have spiraled out of control into chaos. | VII.5 | Behold, men have fallen into rebellion against the | |
| 7.10-12 | 10 So | VII.6 | Behold, the secret of the land whose limits were unknown is divulged, and the Residence is thrown down in a moment. |
| 4.9 | And it shall be that if they do not believe even these two signs, and do not hearken to your voice, then you shall take from the waters of the Canal [Nile] and pour it out on the dry [land]; and the water that you shall take from the Canal will be for blood on the dry [land]. | VII.7 | Behold, Egypt is fallen to pouring of water, and he who poured water on the ground has carried off the strong man in misery. |
| 7.10-12 | 10 So | VII.8 | Behold, the Serpent is taken from its hole, and the secrets of the Kings of Upper and Lower Egypt are divulged. |
| This suggests that the Egyptian authorities had become aware of rumors that the Hebrews were arming themselves, indicating a well-coordinated and growing uprising that preceded the | VII.9 | Behold, the Residence is afraid because of want, and [men go about] unopposed to stir up strife. {effects of ash} | |
| VII.10 | Behold, the land has knotted itself up with confederacies, and the coward takes the brave man's property. | ||
| In the aftermath of such devastation, every man (including police and military) fending for himself, disorder would have spiraled out of control into chaos. Particularly in the Delta, Egyptians were far outnumbered and would quickly been regarded as "outsiders." | VII.16 | Behold, the possessor of wealth now spends the night thirsty, while he who once begged his dregs for himself is now the possessor of overflowing bowls. | |
| VII.17 | Behold, the possessors of robes are now in rags, while he who could not weave for himself is now a possessor of fine linen. | ||
| VII.18 | Behold, he who could not build a boat for himself is now the possessor of a fleet; their erstwhile owner looks at them, but they are not his. | ||
| VII.19 | Behold, he who had no shade is now the possessor of shade, while the erstwhile possessors of shade are now in the full blast of the storm. | ||
| VIII.2 | Behold, he who had no property is now a possessor of wealth, and the magnate praises him. | ||
| VIII.3 | Behold, the poor of the land have become rich, and the [erstwhile owner] of property is one who has nothing. | ||
| VIII.4 | Behold, serving-men have become masters of butlers, and he who was once a messenger now sends someone else. | ||
| VIII.5 | Behold, he who had no loaf is now the owner of a barn, and his storehouse is provided with the goods of another. | ||
| 12.35-36 | 35 Bᵊn• | VIII.7 | Behold, she who had no box is now the owner of a coffer, and she who had to look at her face in the water is now the owner of a mirror. |
| 8.21-22 | 21 Par•ohꞋ called That they now slaughter bulls proves that "he who could not slaughter for himself" – the Hebrews – had at this point already left Egypt, where slaughtering of bulls could not take place, and had already relocated in the Sinai where one could slaughter bulls without retribution from the Egyptians. | VIII.15 | Behold, he who could not slaughter for himself now slaughters bulls, … |
| 12.30 | Par•ohꞋ arose at night, he and all of his servants, and all Egypt, and there was a a huge cry in Egypt; because there was not a house in which there was no corpse there. This seems to be a vivid description of the catastrophic scene after the pyroclastic flow – a blast of a raging hot 660° F (350° C), fiery pumice and ash traveling at 300 miles per hour – from the eruption of Santorini "fell from the sky" after the Santorini-Thera eruption ca. B.C.E. . | VIII.18 | Behold, noblewomen flee; the overseers of […] and their [children] are cast down through fear of death. |
| Following a catastrophe like the Santorini eruption, with a hail of burning pumice and ash destroying vegetation (plus locusts, probably subsequently), followed by starving and dying livestock, poultry – and people, Egyptians likely flocked to their priests, paying any price they had, to obtain remedy from their | IX.2 | Behold, noblewomen go hungry, while the priests are sated with what has been prepared for them. | |
| 9.19-21; 12.32, 36 | 9.19 And now send [word], shelter your livestock, and, everything you have in the field; every human and beast that is found in the field, which shall not be gathered into a house, then the hail [of flaming pumice and ash] shall descend upon them and they shall die.' " 20 äÇéÌÈøÅà of the speaking of Par• | IX.4 | Behold, cattle stray and there is none to collect them, but everyone fetches for himself those that are branded with his name. |
| IX.6 | Behold, he who had no yoke of oxen is now the owner of a herd, and he who could find for himself no ploughman is now the owner of cattle. | ||
| 12.35-36 | 35 Bᵊn• | IX.7 | Behold, he who had no grain is now the owner of granaries, and he who had to fetch loan-corn for himself is now one who issues it. |
| IX.8 | Behold, he who had no dependents is now an owner of serfs, and he who was [a magnate] now performs his own errands. | ||
| IX.9 | Behold, the strong men of the land, the condition of the people is not reported [to them]. All is ruin! | ||
| 10.22 | IX.11 | … Poor men [… the land] is not bright because of it. | |
| X.4 | Lower Egypt weeps; the king's storehouse is the common property of everyone, and the entire palace is without its revenues… | ||
| This is a vivid description of the catastrophic scene after the tsunami, caused by the Santorini-Thera eruption ca. B.C.E. | X.9 | … his children who are witnesses of the surging of the flood. | |
| 14.28 | The water came back again, and covered the chariots and the horsemen of all the cavalry of Par•ohꞋ who had been chasing them in the sea [of Reeds]… | XV.1 | The troops whom we marshaled for ourselves have turned into foreigners and have taken to ravaging. What has come to pass through it is informing the Near Eastern peoples of the condition of the land; all the desert folk are possessed with the fear of it. What the commoners have tasted […] without giving Egypt over [to] the sand. It is strong […] |
| 9.20, 12.37-38 | 9.20 äÇéÌÈøÅà of the speaking of 37 Bᵊn• | XVI.1 | What Ipuwer said when he addressed the Majesty of the Lord of All: […] all herds. It means that ignorance of it, is what is pleasing to the heart. You have done what was good in their hearts and you have nourished the people with it. They cover their faces through fear of the morrow… |
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